3% Tranexamic Acid This synthetically-derived ingredient minimizes the recurrence of skin discoloration and stubborn brown patches with continued use. 1% Kojic Acid Naturally produced by certain fungi, kojic acid helps improve skin brightness. 5% Niacinamide Also known as vitamin B3, this water-soluble vitamin is found naturally in yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, beans, and cereal grains. It has been shown to help reduce the appearance of skin discoloration. 5% HEPES This synthetically-derived acid activates natural enzymes in skin to help break the bonds that bind dead skin cells to the surface for even exfoliation.